AFYA JAMII: TREATMENTS

ASTHMA

Asthma is a respiratory condition characterized by a spasm attack in the lung bronchi that causes difficulty in breathing and is usually associated with allergic reactions. Symptomatic symptoms vary from day to day and from hour to hour. This disease usually begins during childhood and is often healed or become less severe at the beginning of maturity. For those with asthma because of allergens, the test can often find a common allergen that may be responsible for causing asthma and thus the person can avoid the occurrence of asthma.

INDIAN MULBERRY (MORINDA CITRIFOLIA LINN)

FAMILY : RUBIACEA

PLANT DESCRIPTION

Noni (Indian mulberry) is not the same as mulberry shrubs. Nonious plants are small, have fine stems and are not hairy. noni are in the family of Rubiaceae. The tree is white with yellowish-white branches. Its size is 12.5-20 cm long, bright green and shiny with 8-10 pairs of leaves. The leaves are solid white in the oval-shaped head. The crown (all the petals found on a flower) is shaped like a funnel. The growing fruit is bright green and turns into pale yellow when cooked.

PROPOSAL/USABILITY

Noni fruit can be eaten to control asthma. it is recommended to be eaten in the morning and evening after eating. If it is difficult to bake it, the cooked noni can be boiled in water. The water is filtered and one glass is drunk in the morning and a glass is drunk One evening meal. A honey spoon can be added to make it tastier. The stew can be stored in the refrigerator and can be used for several days.

Other medical Uses

Works as a good laxative
Diarrhea
Gout
Wound
Ulcer
Disembodies
Help in promoting menstrual flow.
Works as a general tonic to relieve pain ......................................................................................

MAUMIVU YA TUMBO WAKATI WA HEDHI NA TIBA I Dr. Kimario

YAFAHAMU MAUMIVU YA TUMBO WAKATI WA HEDHI

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KARIBU sana katika makala yetu inayohusu afya. Kutokana na simu nyingi ninazozipata nikiulizwa maswali juu ya maumivu yanayowapata akina mama wengi wakati wa hedhi nimeona ni bora niandike makala hii ili iweze kuwasaidia na wengine kujua nini chanzo na mhusika afanye nini pale anapopatwa na tatizo hilo.

Maumivu wakati wa hedhi (period pains) au kitaalamu dismenorrhea, ni maumivu yanayojitokeza sehemu ya chini ya tumbo au kiunoni wakati mwanamke anapoanza kupata siku zake au kabla ya hapo.

Maumivu hayo huweza kuwa madogo au ya wastani huku baadhi ya wanawake wakipata maumivu makali sana. Maumivu hayo huanza pale yai linapotoka katika mrija (fallopian tube) na kuteremka chini ya mrija huo wakati wa Ovulation.

AINA YA MAUMIVU

Maumivu ya tumbo la hedhi yapo ya aina mbili. Ya kwanza ni maumivu yasiyokuwa na sababu zozote za kimsingi za kitiba. Katika aina hii maumivu ni ya kawaida na huhisiwa sehemu ya chini ya tumbo na kiunoni. Maumivu hayo huanza siku moja au mbili kabla ya hedhi na humalizika baada ya siku mbili au nne.

Aina ya pili ni yale maumivu yanayojumuisha maumivu yanayosababishwa na sababu nyinginezo za kitiba kama vile matatizo katika kizazi, ugonjwa wa nyonga (PID) na matatizo katika mirija ya mayai.

Nusu ya wasichana na wanawake hupata maumivu wakati wa hedhi na karibu asilimia kumi mpaka kumi na tano wanasema kuwa hupata maumivu makali.

Uchunguzi unaonesha kuwa kuna sababu mbalimbali zinazoweza kuongeza uwezekano wa kuumwa tumbo wakati wa hedhi.

Sababu hizo ni kama kuwa na umri wa chini ya miaka 20, kuvunja ungo wakati wa miaka 11 au chini ya miaka hiyo, kutoka damu nyingi wakati wa hedhi, wanawake ambao hawajawahi kuzaa.

Magonjwa yanayoweza kusababisha mtu kupatwa na maumivu ya tumbo la hedhi. Miongoni mwa magonjwa hayo ni:

Endometriosis: Hii ni hali ambayo seli za ndani ya mfuko wa uzazi huanza kuoka nje ya fuko hilo, au hata sehemu nyinginezo

Adenomyosis: Huu ni ugonjwa wa wanawake ambapo tezi au uvimbe (tumors) zinaota katika mfuko wa uzazi.

PID au Ugonjwa wa uvimbe katika nyonga.

Magonjwa ya zinaa yanayotokana na bakteria au magonjwa ya kuambukiza ya zinaa.

Mlango wa uzazi unapokuwa mdogo kiasi kwamba unazuia damu ya hedhi isitoke kwa urahisi na

Baadhi ya magonjwa yanayoweza kusababisha mtu kupatwa na maumivu ya tumbo la hedhi.

Dalili za ugonjwa huo ni:

1. Maumivu kuja na kuondoka, kwa kiwango tofauti (spasmodic).

2. Maumivu zaidi huwa sehemu ya chini ya tumbo na huchanganyika na maumivu ya sehemu ya chini ya mgongo ambayo husambaa mpaka mapajani.

3. Kujihisi kutapika, kichefuchefu na wakati mwingine hata kutokwa jasho.

4. Kupata choo laini au hata kuharisha na wengine hufunga choo.

5. Tumbo kuwa kubwa au kuwa gumu.

6. Kupata maumivu ya kichwa, kujisikia kuchoka.

Kiwango cha maumivu ya tumbo la hedhi na mchanganyiko wa dalili inategemea mtu na mtu, mtu mwingine anaweza akawa anapata karibu dalili zote nilizozitaja hapo juu na mwingine ni baadhi tu au hata dalili moja. Wanawake wengi hujitambua bila hata msaada wa daktari.

USHAURI

Iwapo mwanamke atapata maumivu makali sana ni bora akamuone daktari ili wafanye vipimo kama vile Ultrasound, CT na CT-Scan, MRI na vinginevyo ili kufahamu nini chanzo cha maumivu hayo kuwa makali.

MATIBABU

Matibabu ya maumivu ya tumbo la hedhi kwa kawaida huweza kutibika kwa urahisi kwa kutumia virutubisho vya kupunguza na kuondoa kabisa tatizo la maumivu, kama vile refined yunzhi kwani husaidia kuweka sawa mfumo wa hormones mwilini hivyo itakuepusha na matatizo yafuatayo

1: maumivu wakati wa Hedhi

2: mpangilio wa Hedhi unaoeleweka

3: huondoa uvimbe wowote ktk mwili

4: huzui na kutibu Kansa aina zote endapo atatumia miezi mitatu mfululizo

5: husaidia Kwa wanawake ambao wanapevusha mayai yasiyokomaa hivyo kushindwa kupata ujauzito

6: ninzuri Kwa wanawake wasiopata ujauzito kwasababu Mbali mbali za uzazi endapo atatumia mfululizo miez mitatu.

What's Pain?

1.1 PAIN
Pain is the most common symptom of disease. It is an unpleasant sensation or emotional experience
associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Any pain of moderate or higher intensity is
accompanied by anxiety and the urge to escape or terminate the feeling.
Diagnostic criteria
Self-report is the key to pain assessment. In non- or pre verbal children, facial expression is the most valid
indicator of pain; therefore use faces pain scale to assess severity. Pain should be assessed by:
- Duration
- Severity, e.g. does the patient wake up because of the pain
- Site
- Character, e.g. stabbing, throbbing, crushing, cramp like
- Persistent or intermittent
- Relieving or aggravating factors
- Accompanying symptoms
- Distribution of pain
- In children pain can be assessed by Childs’ crying voice, posture, movement and colour
1.1.1 HEADACHE
1.1.1.1 Acute Headache
Diagnostic criteria
- Secondary to fever and infection diseases
- Secondary to local inflammatory cause
For further actions refer to fever, eye, ear and oral sections.
Pharmacological Treatment
A: Paracetamol oral 1g every 8 hours for at least 3 days
OR
A: Ibuprofen, oral 400mg 8 hourly for at least 3 days
Children A: Paracetamol 15 mg/kg/dose 6 hourly when required to a maximum of 4 doses per
24 hours
If there is no relief to paracetamol give:
A: Ibuprofen oral, 5-10mg/kg/dose 8 hourly

Note: Ibuprofen shall be given with food

Chronic Headache
Diagnostic criteria
- Migraine
- Cluster headache
- Tension headache
Pharmacological Treatment:
Migraine
In acute attack give analgesics:
A: Paracetamol 1g immediately then every 4 hours; maximum dose 4g per day
2
OR
A: Acetylsalicylic acid 600mg 6 hourly.
AND
C: Metoclopramide (PO) 10mg 8 hourly.
OR
C: Metoclopramide IV 10mg 8hourly
In severe attack give:
C: Ergotamine tartrate 2mg 12 hourly. Not to be repeated at intervals less than 4 days.
For prevention purposes give:
A: Propranolol 40-80mg 12 hourly
OR
A: Amitriptyline 10-50mg at night
Cluster and Tension headache: Give analgesics as in acute headache (section 1.1.1)
1.1.2 CHEST PAIN
Differential diagnoses
- Angina
- Myocardial infections
- Reflux Esophagitis
- Lung infection
- Pericarditis
Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Treatments
Treat as for main disease as indicated in specific chapters.
1.1.3 ABDOMINAL PAIN
1.1.3.1 Upper Abdominal Pain
Differential diagnoses
Pain related to eating food:
- Dyspepsia
- Gastritis
Pain related to eating food but persisted for more than three months
- Peptic ulcers
Acute and recurrent pain in upper quadrant
- Gallbladder diseases
- Inflammatory bowel syndrome
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Treatments
Treat as for main diseases
1.1 3.2 Lower Abdominal Pain
Diagnostic Criteria
Pain associated with diarrhoea or constipations
- Intestinal involvement
- Helminthes
Colicky pain in abdomen without diarrhoea or constipation
3
- Colitis
Pain just before or during menstruation
- Dysmenorrhoea
- Endometriosis
Pain over lower abdomen and back associated with excessive white discharge in women
- Pelvic inflammatory diseases
Pain during urination
- Urinary tract infections (UTI)
Non Pharmacological and Pharmacological Treatments
Treat as for main disease as indicated in specific chapters
1.1.4 OTHER PAINS
Other pains may include:
- Generalized body ache
- Joint pain
- Pain due to local infections
- Pains due to injury
- Eye pains
- Ear pains
Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Treatments
For generalized pain give analgesics as in section 1.1.1. Advise the patient to rest and make a follow-up.
For joint, infections, injury, eye and ear pains treat as for main disease.

CAUTION: Do not use aspirin for abdominal pain or if a patient is vomiting or has nausea and do not use aspirin in children. Patients
with peptic ulcers should not be given acetic salicylic acid tablet.

Referral:
Refer patients to Regional and Tertiary care for:
- Children with moderate and acute severe pain
- No response to oral pain control
- Uncertain diagnosis
- All acute abdominal pain accompanied by vomiting and no passing of stool
- Pain requiring definitive treatment for the underlying disease
- Pain requiring strong opioids

Signs of Infection of Children in the Lung, Learn Reason and Treatment I Dr.Kimario

5 Symptoms are Signs of Infection of Children in the Lung, Learn Reason and Treatment

The effects of infection and pollution also occur on the lungs. Many people around the world are suffering from different types of lung diseases. Asthma and CPPD are the major in these diseases. India also has plenty of patients suffering from lung disease. Having children suffer from this disease at a young age is a matter of concern. The incidence of chronic lung disease has increased rapidly in infants. In this article, we are telling you in detail about the chronic lung diseases in infants.

The World Health Organization is also very concerned about the disease. According to the WHO report, due to the polluted environment in India, a large number of people are suffering from lung related and COPD (respiratory disease related disease).

There is a possibility of continuous increase in its patients in the future. Experts believe that if strict measures are not taken to prevent this disease then it will become a dangerous disease in the coming years. In India too, this problem is increasing rapidly. One out of every 20 children who are born every day is suffering from this disease.

Chronic Lung Disease in Infants

Difficulty breathing due to damaged tissues in neonatal lungs and other related health problems are called chronic lung diseases. In such cases, the lungs stop the air and become damaged. In such cases, the fluid is filled in and a large amount of mucus begins to form.

5 Symptoms are Signs of Infection of Children in the Lung, Learn Reason and Treatment

In many children, lung problems start from the beginning. However, most children with chronic lung disease survive. But its symptoms can come back and children may need treatment. Chronic lung diseases are also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or BPD.

Chronic lung disease is the cause of the problem in the baby's lungs. This problem is common in children born prematurely. Children born in the 26th week of pregnancy and whose weight is less than 1 kg (2.2 pounds). Lungs of premature birth are not fully developed. Such children may have chronic lung problems as follows.

Lung Injury using the Ventilator

Many premature children (prematurely-born) need this treatment, especially when they have respiratory distress syndrome (respiratory distress syndrome). But the ventilator used to breathe and make high oxygen levels can harm the lungs of the child.

Fluid in the Lung

Premature children may have this problem with birth or later. Occasionally the fluid is filled in the lungs of children born with the help of surgical operation throughout the period.

Infection

Children born prematurely increase the risk of infection in the lungs. Often this happens due to the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).

Symptoms of Chronic Lung Disease

Children with chronic lung disease can only see symptoms after three days of birth. Its first symptom is having trouble breathing. Apart from this, the symptoms of chronic lung disease in infants may also be of the following types.

Breathing or breathing rapidly.
Nose red
Use neck, chest, and abdominal muscles to breathe. It seems as if the child is breathing in or between the ribs.
To breathe heavily, or to make a strangely sharp sound in breathing.
Tired of eating early during meal
Stains or acne skin, especially on lips, tongue and nails etc.

Children should not delay any symptoms of long-term lung disease and should meet the doctor immediately. Any kind of delay in this disease can be fatal for the child
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Asthma Causes symptoms and its Impact I Dr.Kimario

Overview

Asthma is a disease of the lungs. The airways of people who have asthma are extra sensitive to the things they"re allergic to (called allergens) and to other irritating things in the air (called irritants).

Asthma symptoms start when allergens or other irritants cause the lining of the airways to become inflamed (swollen) and narrow. The muscles around the airways can then spasm (contract rapidly), causing the airways to narrow even more. When the lining of the airways is inflamed, it produces more mucus. The mucus clogs the airways and further blocks the flow of air. This is called an "asthma attack."

Symptoms

What is an asthma attack?

An asthma attack occurs when excess mucus causes your air tubes to swell and tighten. Asthma attacks can be mild, moderate or severe. Symptoms of an asthma attack include the following:

Coughing
Feeling breathless
Tightness in the chest
Wheezing (breathing that makes a hoarse, squeaky, musical or whistling sound)
Cough with mucus
Wheezing or whistling sound when breathing
Difficulty breathing and talking
Trouble sleeping

Signs of an emergency

Call your doctor or seek emergency care right away if you experience any of the following symptoms:

Your rescue medicine doesn"t relieve your symptoms.
Your peak flow keeps dropping after treatment or falls below 50% of your best.
Your fingernails or lips turn gray or blue.
You have trouble walking or talking.
You have extreme difficulty breathing.
Your neck, chest or ribs are pulled in with each breath.
Your nostrils flare when you breathe.
Your heartbeat or pulse is very fast

How can I tell if an asthma attack is serious?

You should use (or have your child use) a peak flow meter every day. A peak flow meter measures how much air flows out of your lungs. People who have asthma have lower air flow in and out of their lungs than other people. Measuring peak flow levels can help you see problems with your air flow before you have any symptoms of asthma.

A meter can also help tell you and your doctor how serious your asthma attacks are. You"ll be able to see when you should take medicine or when you need emergency care. Peak flow readings may also help you find the triggers that make your asthma symptoms worse.

How can I tell if my asthma is getting worse?

Signs that your asthma is getting worse include having symptoms at night, a drop in your peak flow and the need to use your rescue medicine more often. Talk to your doctor if you think that your asthma is getting worse.

Causes & Risk Factors

What causes asthma symptoms?

Your asthma can flare up for many different reasons. Allergies can make your asthma symptoms get worse. Viral infections (such as a cold), tobacco, pollutants (such as wood smoke), cold air, exercise, fumes from chemicals or perfume, sinus infections and heartburn can all cause a flare-up. For some people, strong emotions or stress can trigger an asthma attack. Pay attention to the way these things affect your asthma. If you and your doctor figure out which things bother your asthma, you can start trying to address them.

Diagnosis & Tests

What is a peak flow meter?

A peak flow meter is a hand-held device that measures your peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), or how fast you can blow air out of your lungs. Measuring your peak flow regularly can help you tell whether your asthma is getting worse.

To use a peak flow meter, you will first need to find out your "personal best" peak flow. Take a deep breath and blow as hard as you can into the mouthpiece. Your personal best is the highest reading you get on the meter over a 2-week period when your asthma is under good control.

How do I use a peak flow meter?

To use a peak flow meter, follow these steps:

Move the indicator to the bottom of the numbered scale.
Stand up.
Take a deep breath.
Close your lips (or have your child close his or her lips) around the mouthpiece of the flow meter. Your tongue should not go inside the tube.
Blow out as hard and fast as possible.

The indicator on the meter will move up. Write down the number where it stops. Repeat steps 1 through 5 two more times. Write down the highest of the three numbers on the peak flow meter record chart.

What is the peak flow zone system?

Once you know your (or your child"s) personal best peak flow score, your doctor can tell you how to do the next step. Peak flow scores are put in "zones" like the colors in traffic lights.

Green Zone: This is a score that is 80% to 100% of the personal best score. It signals that your/your child’s asthma is under control. No symptoms are present, but you/your child should take preventive asthma medicines as usual.
Yellow Zone: This is a score that is 50% to 80% of the personal best score. It signals that your/your child"s asthma is getting worse. You may be coughing or wheezing frequently. You may need extra asthma medicine. Follow your doctor"s written instructions or call your doctor for advice.
Red Zone: This is a score that is below 50% of the personal best score. It signals a medical emergency. You/your child may have severe coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath, and your lips and fingernails may be turning a grayish or bluish color. Use an inhaler or other medicine to open your airways right away. Call your doctor immediately for more advice.

Treatment

How do I control my asthma symptoms?

Treatment of your symptoms involves avoiding things that cause asthma attacks, keeping track of your symptoms and taking medicine.

What medicines are used to treat asthma?

Asthma medicines can generally be divided into two groups: medicines to prevent attacks (controller medicines) and medicines to treat attacks (sometimes called rescue medicines). Your doctor will talk to you about these medicines and what to do if you have an asthma attack. Ask your doctor for written instructions about how to take your medicines. Your doctor may have a form to give you, or you can print out this one.

Controller and Quick-Relief Medicines

The following are some of the prescription medicines most commonly used by people who have asthma:

Controller Medicines

Inhaled corticosteroids
Cromolyn
Nedocromil
Anti-leukotrienes
Theophylline
Salmeterol (inhaled long-acting beta2 agonist)

Quick-Relief Medicines

Albuterol, pirbuterol, levalbuterol or bitolterol (inhaled short-acting beta2 agonist)
Ipratropium (anticholinergic)
Prednisone, prednisolone (oral steroids)

How do controller medicines work?

Controller medicines help reduce the swelling in your airways to prevent asthma attacks. Controller medicines must be taken on a regular basis--whether or not you"re having symptoms. They take hours or days to start to help and don"t work well unless you take them regularly.

How do rescue medicines work?

Rescue medicines (also called quick-acting or quick-relief medicines) provide quick relief during an asthma attack by helping the muscles around your airways relax, which allows your airways to open. If you feel like you’re having an asthma attack, follow your doctor’s instructions for taking this medicine right away.

Primatene Mist Inhaler was discontinued

Primatene Mist Inhaler, an over-the-counter asthma inhaler, is longer available after December 31, 2011. If you currently use Primatene Mist Inhaler, it"s safe to continue using it as long as it hasn"t expired. Talk to your doctor about switching to a different medicine to treat your asthma. For more information, visit the U.S. Food and Drug Administration website.

Warning signs of an asthma attack

Peak flow 50% to 80% of your personal best
Coughing or wheezing
Shortness of breath
Tightness in chest

If your symptoms don’t respond to medicine or if your peak flow drops below 50% of your personal best, call your doctor or go directly to the nearest emergency room (by ambulance, if necessary).

Prevention

Is there anything I can do to help avoid asthma attacks?

You can help avoid asthma attacks by avoiding the triggers (also called allergens) and irritants that can start an asthma attack. Triggers and irritants vary for each individual, but the following are some examples of common triggers and irritants:

Air pollution
Dust
Mold
Pollen
Tobacco smoke
Pet dander
Exercise
Changes in temperature
Certain foods
Sulfite (food preservative in red wine, beer, salad bars, dehydrated soups, and other foods)
Aspirin, or ibuprofen (brand names: Advil, Motrin, Nuprin)
Heartburn
Sinus infections
Strong emotions (such as crying or laughing)
Perfume
Spray-on deodorants
Viruses

How do I avoid common asthma triggers?

If pollen and mold cause your symptoms, use your air conditioner and try to keep the windows of your home and car closed. Change the filter on your heating and cooling system frequently.

To keep mold down, clean and air out bathrooms, kitchens and basements often. Use an air conditioner or dehumidifier to keep the level of humidity less than 50%.

People who are allergic to dust are actually allergic to the droppings of dust mites. To reduce dust mites in your home, wash bed sheets weekly in hot water (above 130°F). Cover mattresses and pillows in airtight covers, and remove carpets and drapes. If you must have carpet, you can treat it with chemicals to help reduce dust mites. Try to avoid stuffed animals, dried flowers and other things that trap dust.

Pets can cause problems if you are allergic to them. If you have a pet, keep it out of your bedroom.

Don"t allow smoking in your house or car. Tobacco smoke can make asthma worse

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